Adjuncts, apposition and vocative

The Core Idea

Adjuncts add circumstances such as time, place, cause, or manner. Apposition renames a noun, and vocative directly addresses someone.
These elements make sentences richer and more natural. They also explain a large part of comma placement in normal prose.

Structure Snapshot

• adjuncts around the clause / noun + apposition / vocative + clause

Main Rules at a Glance

How It Works

1. Adjuncts are optional elements that add information like time, place, cause, or manner: "hoje", "aqui", "com calma".
2. Apposition renames or explains a noun: "Ana, minha vizinha, chegou".
3. Vocative addresses a person directly: "Pedro, fecha a porta".
4. Commas often help separate apposition and vocative from the main clause.

Usage and Register

• Adjuncts are flexible in position and often move to the front for discourse reasons.