Meaning
To take a quick/incomplete shower
Example
Você já tomou banho?! Não se passou nem 4 minutos! Tomou banho de gato?!
You already showered?! Not even 4 minutes passed! Did you take a bird bath?!
Origin
Cats famously groom themselves quickly with licks. 'Tomar banho de gato' = to clean yourself superficially, in a hurry.
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More idioms
Acertar na moscaTo guess correctly / To hit the nail on the headAmigo da onçaA fake/false friendAndar na linhaTo toe the line / To behave properlyArmar um barracoTo cause a public sceneRodar a baianaTo cause a public scene / To go ballisticArrumar sarna pra se coçarTo ask for troubleArrastar as asasTo hit on someone / To flirtAbrir o jogoTo come clean / To open upArregaçar as mangasTo roll up one's sleeves / To get to workAgarrar com unhas e dentesTo hold on for dear life / To seize an opportunity