Meaning
in an exaggerated way, with great anger or energy
Example
Ele começou a gritar cá mulesta dos cachôrro.
He started screaming like a madman.
Origin
The "ailment" (moléstia) of dogs would be rabies. To "have the ailment" is to act aggressively or intensely.
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More idioms
Acertar na moscaTo guess correctly / To hit the nail on the headAmigo da onçaA fake/false friendAndar na linhaTo toe the line / To behave properlyArmar um barracoTo cause a public sceneRodar a baianaTo cause a public scene / To go ballisticArrumar sarna pra se coçarTo ask for troubleArrastar as asasTo hit on someone / To flirtAbrir o jogoTo come clean / To open upArregaçar as mangasTo roll up one's sleeves / To get to workAgarrar com unhas e dentesTo hold on for dear life / To seize an opportunity